BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: Mother house

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: Mother house:   Mother house The Missionaries of Charity (Latin: Congregatio Missionariarum a Caritate) may be a Catholic (Latin Church) religious congr...

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: My Architecture of Victoria Memorial

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: My Architecture of Victoria Memorial:                                       My Architecture of Victoria Memorial William Emerson, the then President of the Royal institute of B...

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: ECO PARK

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: ECO PARK:   ECO PARK New Town Eco Park (Prakriti Tirtha) is an urban park in urban area , Rajarhat, Kolkata and therefore the biggest park thus far in...

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre:   The Jallianwala Bagh massacre   The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A lar...

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

BAGPACK FOR ADVENTURES: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre:   The Jallianwala Bagh massacre   The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A lar...

Beluṛ Maṭh

 

Beluṛ Maṭh

In the beginning of 1897, Swami Vivekananda arrived in Baranagar, Calcutta together with his small group of Western disciples. Two monasteries were founded by him, one at Belur, which became the headquarters of Ramakrishna Mission and therefore the other at Mayavati on the Himalayas, in Champawat District, Uttrakhand, called the Advaita Ashrama. These monasteries were meant to receive and train young men who would eventually become sannyasis (religious ascetic) of the Ramakrishna Mission, and to offer them a training for their work. The same year the philanthropic activity was started and relief of the famine was administered .

Swami Vivekananda's days as a parivrajaka (wandering monk) before his visit to Parliament of Religions, took him through many parts of India, and he visited several architectural monuments just like the Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri palaces, Diwan–I–Khas, palaces of Rajasthan, ancient temples of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and other places. During his tour in America and Europe, he found buildings of architectural importance of recent , Medieval, Gothic and Renaissance styles. It is reported that Vivekananda incorporated these ideas in the design of the Belur Math temple.

Swami Vijnanananda, a brother-monk of Swami Vivekananda and one among the monastic disciples of Ramakrishna, who was, in his pre-monastic life, a engineer , designed the temple consistent with the ideas of Vivekananda and Swami Shivananda, the then President of Belur Math laid the inspiration stone on 13 March 1929. The massive construction was handled by Martin Burn & Co.. The mission proclaims the Belur Math as, "A Symphony in Architecture".

The famed, two-storey Ramakrishna Museum hosts artifacts used by Ramakrishna, Sarada Devi, Swami Vivekananda, and some of his disciples. These include the long coat worn by Vivekananda within the West, Sister Nivedita's table, and an organ of Mrs Sevier's. The museum chronicles the contemporary growth of the movement, and the Bengalese.

The museum features a realistic recreation of the Panchavati — the clutch of 5 sacred trees of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple where Ramakrishna practised sadhana (spiritual disciplines). The black stone bowl from which Ramakrishna took payasam (a sweet Indian dish) during his final days, while affected by throat cancer, and therefore the pillow he had used, within the house in Calcutta where he spent his previous couple of months, are on display.Ramakrishna's room within the house, where he distributed ochre clothes to 12 disciples anointing Vivekananda (then Narendranath) as their leader, has also been shown with a model of Ramakrishna bestowing grace on his disciples, and the footwear used by Ramakrishna has been put on the model. The room at Dakshineswar where Ramakrishna lived has been recreated with display of garments and other objects employed by him, the tanpura employed by Vivekananda to sing to his master, and the copies of two charcoal drawings sketched by Ramakrishna are on display.

Sarada Devi's pilgrimage to Chennai, Madurai and Bangalore has also been exhibited, along side items employed by her then, in 1911. The museum showcases an enormous replica of Swami Vivekananda within the front of the Chicago Art Institute, where the famous Parliament of the World's Religions was held in September 1893. Alongside an equivalent display, may be a letter by Jamsetji Tata, Swami Vivekananda's co-passenger on the trip, that reveals a crucial and well-known work of Tata's, which was inspired by Swamiji: the founding of the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore.

The wooden staircase and therefore the lotus woodwork of Victoria Public Hall in Chennai, where Vivekananda gave inspiring speeches to an outsized congregation, are brought over. A few displays away from this is a show on Miss Josephine MacLeod, who met Swamji in the U.S. in 1895 and served India for 40 years thereafter. She played a crucial role within the Ramakrishna movement. At this enclosure is a crystal image of Swamiji that was done by Paris jeweler René Lalique.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

 

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

 

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large but peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal. In response to the general public gathering,

 British Brigadier-General Dyer surrounded the Bagh together with his soldiers. The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, he ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was exhausted. a minimum of 379 people were killed and over 1,200 people were injured of whom 192 were seriously injured.

Responses polarized both the British and Indian peoples. Eminent author Kipling declared at the time that Dyer "did his duty as he saw it". This incident shocked Rabindranath Tagore (the first Indian and Asian Nobel laureate) to such an extent that he renounced his knighthood and stated that "such mass murderers aren't deserve giving any title to anyone".
The massacre caused a re-evaluation by British Army of its military role against civilians to minimal force whenever possible, although later British actions during the Mau Mau insurgencies in Kenya have led historian Huw Bennett to notice that the new policy wasn't always administered . the military was retrained and developed less violent tactics for control .

The level of casual brutality, and lack of any accountability, stunned the whole nation, leading to a wrenching loss of religion of the overall Indian public within the intentions of the UK.] The ineffective inquiry, together with the initial accolades for Dyer, fuelled great widespread anger against the British among the Indian populace, leading to the Non-cooperation movement of 1920–22.] Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the top of British rule out India.

During war I, British India contributed to British war effort by providing men and resources. Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. Of these, a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the foremost prominent amongst variety of plots formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India, the us and Germany.

The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement, arresting key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. In the scenario of the British war effort and the threat from the militant movement in India, the Defence of India Act 1915 was passed limiting civil and political liberties. Michael O'Dwyer, then the elected official of Punjab, was one among the strongest proponents of the act, in no small part thanks to the Ghadarite threat within the province.
The Hunter Commission report published the subsequent year by the govt of India criticised both Dyer personally and also the govt of the Punjab for failing to compile an in depth casualty count, and quoted a figure offered by the Sewa Samati (a Social Services Society) of 379 identified dead, and approximately 1,200 wounded, of whom 192 were seriously injured. The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was quite 1,500 injured, with approximately 1,000 dead.

Dyer was lauded for his actions by some in Britain, and indeed became a hero among many of these who were directly taking advantage of British Raj, like members of the House of Lords. He was, however, widely denounced and criticised in the House of Commons, whose July 1920 committee of investigation censured him. Because he was a soldier working on orders, he couldn't be tried for murder. The military chose to not bring him before a court-martial, and his only punishment was to be faraway from his current appointment, turned down for a proposed promotion, and barred from further employment in India. Dyer subsequently retired from the military and moved to England, where he died, unrepentant about his actions, in 192711.

Mother house

 

Mother house

The Missionaries of Charity (Latin: Congregatio Missionariarum a Caritate) may be a Catholic (Latin Church) religious congregation established in 1950 by Teresa , now known within the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. In 2020, it consisted of 5,167 religious sisters. Members of the order designate their affiliation using the order's initials, "M.C." A member of the congregation must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty, obedience, and thus the fourth vow, to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."[1] Today, the order consists of both contemplative and active branches in several countries.

Missionaries look after those that include refugees, former prostitutes, the unsound , sick children, abandoned children, lepers, people with AIDS, the aged, and convalescent. They have schools that are pass by volunteers to point out abandoned street children and run soup kitchens also as other services according to the community needs. These services are provided, for free of charge , to people no matter their religion or social station .

On October 7, 1950,[2] Teresa and therefore the small community formed by her former pupils was labelled because the Diocesan Congregation of the Calcutta Diocese, and thus received the permission from the Diocese of Calcutta to spot as a Catholic organization. Their mission was to worry for (in Mother Teresa's words) "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people that feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone." It began as a small community with 12 members in Calcutta (now Kolkata), and in 2020 had 5,167 members serving in 139 countries in 760 homes, with 244 of these homes in India.[3] The sisters run orphanages, homes for those dying of AIDS, charity centres worldwide, and look after refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine in Asia, Africa, Latin America , North America, Europe and Australia. They have 19 homes in Kolkata (Calcutta) alone which include homes for ladies , orphaned children and houses for the dying; a faculty for street children, and a leper colony.

In 1963, Brother Andrew (formerly Ian Travers-Ballan) founded the Missionary Brothers of Charity in Australia along side Teresa .[4]
In 1965, by granting a Decree of Praise, Pope Paul VI granted Mother Teresa's request to expand her congregation to other countries. The Congregation began to grow rapidly, with new homes opening everywhere the world . The congregation's first house outside India was in Venezuela, others followed in Rome and Tanzania and worldwide.
In 1979 the contemplative branch of the Brothers was added and in 1984 a priest branch, the Missionaries of Charity Fathers,[5] was founded by Teresa with Fr. Joseph Langford, combining the vocation of the Missionaries of Charity with the Ministerial Priesthood. As with the Sisters, the Fathers live a really simple lifestyle without television, radios or items of convenience. They neither smoke nor drink alcohol and beg for his or her food. They make a visit to their families every five years but don't take annual holidays.[6] Lay Catholics and non-Catholics constitute the Co-Workers of Teresa , the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity.

The first home of the Missionaries of Charity in the United States was established in the South Bronx,[7] New York, where in 2019 they had convents for both their active and contemplative branches,[8] and had placed 108 sisters in their province that stretches from Quebec to Washington, DC.[9] Their first rural mission within the us , in 1982, was in one of the poorest, former coal

mining areas of Kentucky, where they still serve.[10][11] within the USA, the Missionaries of Charity are affiliated with the Council of Major Superiors of girls Religious, a body of female religious, representing 20% of American religious sisters. They are identified by the wearing of religious habits, and loyalty to church teaching. By 1996, the organisation was operating 517 missions in additional than 100 countries.[12]
In 1990, Teresa asked to resign as head of the Missionaries but was soon voted back in as general . On March 13, 1997, six months before Mother Teresa's death, Sister Mary Nirmala Joshi was elected the new general of the Missionaries of Charity. In April 2009 Sister Mary Prema was elected to succeed Sister Nirmala, during a general chapter held in Kolkata.[13]
The quality of care offered to terminally ill patients within the Home for the Dying in Calcutta was the topic of dialogue within the mid-1990s.[14] Some British observers, on the basis of short visits, drew unfavourable comparisons with the quality of care available in hospices within the uk . Remarks made by Dr. Robin Fox relative to the lack of full-time medically-trained personnel and the absence of strong analgesics were published in a brief memoir in an issue of The Lancet in 1994. These remarks were criticised during a later issue of The Lancet on the bottom that they did not appreciate of Indian conditions, specifically the very fact that government regulations effectively precluded the utilization of morphine outside large hospitals.

Criticism

A British former volunteer at the house , Robin Fox (now editor of British medical journal The Lancet) objected that syringes were rinsed in cold water and reused; that inmates were given cold baths; which aspirin was administered to people with terminal cancer.[26] Fox also noted, however, that the residents were "eating heartily and doing well", which the sisters and volunteers focused on cleanliness, tending wounds and sores, and providing loving kindness.[27] The controversy remains thanks to the charity's not sterilizing needles and failing to form proper diagnoses, as put by Dr. Jack Preger, "If one wants to offer love, understanding and care, one uses sterile needles."[28]

In 2018 all child care homes in India travel by the Missionaries of Charity were inspected by the Ministry of girls and Child Development following allegations that two staff members at a Jharkhand home sold babies for adoption. A sister and a caseworker employed there have been arrested. Sister Konsalia Balsa and caseworker Anima Indwar were accused of getting already sold three babies from the house , which provides shelter for pregnant, unmarried women, and of trying to sell a boy baby for roughly £1325.[29] The Missionaries of Charity had discontinued its participation in adoption services in India three years earlier over religious objections to the country's new adoption rules.